01 · Urban climate

Urban heat islands

Landsat 8/9 surface temperature, vegetation and a comparable climate-vulnerability index (IVC) for 30 cities and 747 political subdivisions, April–May 2026.

General index

One window, one metric. Cities and official subdivisions ranked with IVC (LST, NDVI, SUHI).

City index · surface climate-vulnerability (IVC)

Ahmedabad leads the 30 cities (IVC 61/100): 99% of its urban fabric exceeds 43 °C at the pixel peak. Mexico City is 3rd, with the strongest heat island in the sample (SUHI +13.0 °C versus its own rural land).

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Climate Vulnerability Index for Municipalities

Venustiano Carranza (Mexico City) leads the 747 subdivisions (IVC 82.6/100). Inside Mexico City the IVC runs from 11.3–82.6.

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City reports

Ahmedabad · 1 of 18

Climate vulnerability in Ahmedabad

Ahmedabad ranks 1 of 30 (IVC 61/100). SUHI is -1.7 °C versus rural land, and 99% of the urban fabric exceeds 43 °C at the pixel peak.

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Phoenix · 2 of 18

Climate vulnerability in Phoenix

Phoenix ranks 2 of 30 (IVC 55/100). SUHI is +1.3 °C versus rural land, and 99% of the urban fabric exceeds 43 °C at the pixel peak.

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Mexico City · 3 of 18

Climate vulnerability in Mexico City

Mexico City ranks 3 of 30 (IVC 54/100). SUHI is +13.0 °C versus rural land, and 64% of the urban fabric exceeds 43 °C at the pixel peak.

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Dubai · 4 of 18

Climate vulnerability in Dubai

Dubai ranks 4 of 30 (IVC 53/100). SUHI is -3.7 °C versus rural land, and 92% of the urban fabric exceeds 43 °C at the pixel peak.

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Riyadh · 5 of 18

Climate vulnerability in Riyadh

Riyadh ranks 5 of 30 (IVC 51/100). SUHI is -0.0 °C versus rural land, and 100% of the urban fabric exceeds 43 °C at the pixel peak.

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Karachi · 6 of 18

Climate vulnerability in Karachi

Karachi ranks 6 of 30 (IVC 50/100). SUHI is -3.2 °C versus rural land, and 91% of the urban fabric exceeds 43 °C at the pixel peak.

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Baghdad · 7 of 18

Climate vulnerability in Baghdad

Baghdad ranks 7 of 30 (IVC 46/100). SUHI is +0.8 °C versus rural land, and 95% of the urban fabric exceeds 43 °C at the pixel peak.

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Delhi · 8 of 18

Climate vulnerability in Delhi

Delhi ranks 8 of 30 (IVC 45/100). SUHI is -2.5 °C versus rural land, and 89% of the urban fabric exceeds 43 °C at the pixel peak.

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Casablanca · 9 of 18

Climate vulnerability in Casablanca

Casablanca ranks 9 of 30 (IVC 43/100). SUHI is +2.6 °C versus rural land, and 89% of the urban fabric exceeds 43 °C at the pixel peak.

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Cairo · 10 of 18

Climate vulnerability in Cairo

Cairo ranks 10 of 30 (IVC 39/100). SUHI is -0.6 °C versus rural land, and 69% of the urban fabric exceeds 43 °C at the pixel peak.

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Mumbai · 11 of 18

Climate vulnerability in Mumbai

Mumbai ranks 11 of 30 (IVC 36/100). SUHI is -0.4 °C versus rural land, and 81% of the urban fabric exceeds 43 °C at the pixel peak.

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Los Angeles · 12 of 18

Climate vulnerability in Los Angeles

Los Angeles ranks 12 of 30 (IVC 35/100). SUHI is +7.3 °C versus rural land, and 40% of the urban fabric exceeds 43 °C at the pixel peak.

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Tehran · 13 of 18

Climate vulnerability in Tehran

Tehran ranks 13 of 30 (IVC 35/100). SUHI is +2.6 °C versus rural land, and 47% of the urban fabric exceeds 43 °C at the pixel peak.

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Lahore · 14 of 18

Climate vulnerability in Lahore

Lahore ranks 14 of 30 (IVC 35/100). SUHI is +1.7 °C versus rural land, and 79% of the urban fabric exceeds 43 °C at the pixel peak.

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Barcelona · 15 of 18

Climate vulnerability in Barcelona

Barcelona ranks 15 of 30 (IVC 31/100). SUHI is +3.0 °C versus rural land, and 52% of the urban fabric exceeds 43 °C at the pixel peak.

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Paris · 16 of 18

Climate vulnerability in Paris

Paris ranks 16 of 30 (IVC 30/100). SUHI is +3.6 °C versus rural land, and 54% of the urban fabric exceeds 43 °C at the pixel peak.

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Monterrey · 17 of 18

Climate vulnerability in Monterrey

Monterrey ranks 17 of 30 (IVC 29/100). SUHI is -0.5 °C versus rural land, and 66% of the urban fabric exceeds 43 °C at the pixel peak.

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Montpellier · 18 of 18

Climate vulnerability in Montpellier

Montpellier ranks 18 of 30 (IVC 27/100). SUHI is +5.6 °C versus rural land, and 45% of the urban fabric exceeds 43 °C at the pixel peak.

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Dhaka · 19 of 18

Climate vulnerability in Dhaka

Dhaka ranks 19 of 30 (IVC 24/100). SUHI is +4.7 °C versus rural land, and 33% of the urban fabric exceeds 43 °C at the pixel peak.

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Tokyo · 20 of 18

Climate vulnerability in Tokyo

Tokyo ranks 20 of 30 (IVC 23/100). SUHI is +2.7 °C versus rural land, and 1% of the urban fabric exceeds 43 °C at the pixel peak.

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Singapore · 21 of 18

Climate vulnerability in Singapore

Singapore ranks 21 of 30 (IVC 20/100). SUHI is +2.1 °C versus rural land, and 44% of the urban fabric exceeds 43 °C at the pixel peak.

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São Paulo · 22 of 18

Climate vulnerability in São Paulo

São Paulo ranks 22 of 30 (IVC 19/100). SUHI is +6.1 °C versus rural land, and 0% of the urban fabric exceeds 43 °C at the pixel peak.

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Santiago · 23 of 18

Climate vulnerability in Santiago

Santiago ranks 23 of 30 (IVC 18/100). SUHI is +1.7 °C versus rural land, and 0% of the urban fabric exceeds 43 °C at the pixel peak.

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Madrid · 24 of 18

Climate vulnerability in Madrid

Madrid ranks 24 of 30 (IVC 17/100). SUHI is +0.3 °C versus rural land, and 22% of the urban fabric exceeds 43 °C at the pixel peak.

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Lagos · 25 of 18

Climate vulnerability in Lagos

Lagos ranks 25 of 30 (IVC 15/100). SUHI is +1.6 °C versus rural land, and 16% of the urban fabric exceeds 43 °C at the pixel peak.

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Houston · 26 of 18

Climate vulnerability in Houston

Houston ranks 26 of 30 (IVC 14/100). SUHI is +2.9 °C versus rural land, and 14% of the urban fabric exceeds 43 °C at the pixel peak.

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Wuhan · 27 of 18

Climate vulnerability in Wuhan

Wuhan ranks 27 of 30 (IVC 12/100). SUHI is +2.9 °C versus rural land, and 6% of the urban fabric exceeds 43 °C at the pixel peak.

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Berlin · 28 of 18

Climate vulnerability in Berlin

Berlin ranks 28 of 30 (IVC 10/100). SUHI is +4.3 °C versus rural land, and 1% of the urban fabric exceeds 43 °C at the pixel peak.

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Johannesburg · 29 of 18

Climate vulnerability in Johannesburg

Johannesburg ranks 29 of 30 (IVC 7/100). SUHI is -0.9 °C versus rural land, and 0% of the urban fabric exceeds 43 °C at the pixel peak.

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Rome · 30 of 18

Climate vulnerability in Rome

Rome ranks 30 of 30 (IVC 4/100). SUHI is +0.9 °C versus rural land, and 2% of the urban fabric exceeds 43 °C at the pixel peak.

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